Heat is a Substance
We recognize in the concept of heat which appears
here a similarity to other physical concepts. Heat is,
according to our view, a substance, such as mass in
mechanics. Its quantity may change or not, like money
put aside in a safe or spent. The amount of money in a
safe will remain unchanged so long as the safe remains
locked, and so will the amounts of mass and heat in an
isolated body. The ideal thermos flask is analogous to
such a safe. Furthermore, just as the mass of an iso-
lat...
notesLike mass. It is a quantity.
Look for the Improbable in Extraterrestrial Life
To land a spacecraft on Europa, with the heavy equipment needed to penetrate the ice and explore the ocean directly, would be a formidable undertaking. A direct search for life in Europa's ocean would today be prohibitively expensive. But just as asteroid and comet impacts on Mars have given us an easier way to look for evidence of life on that planet, impacts on Europa give us an easier way to look for evidence of life there. Every time a major impact occurs on Europa, a vast quantity of wat... notesWe should look for freeze-dried live ejected from impacts with Europa rather than trying to send probes into the ice.
Intellectuals Must Craft Their Minds Through Study
君子曰：學不可以已。青、取之於藍，而青於藍；冰、水為之，而寒於水。木直中繩，輮以為輪，其曲中規，雖有槁暴，不復挺者，輮使之然也。故木受繩則直，金就礪則利，君子博學而日參省乎己，則知明而行無過矣。
1 [Translated] The noble person says: Learning must never cease. Blue comes from the indigo plant, yet it is bluer than indigo. Ice is made from water, yet it is colder than water. Wood as straight as a plumb line may be bent into a wheel that is as round as if it were drawn with a compass, and, even after the wood has dried, it will not straighten out again because this is the way it has been bent. Thus wood marked by the plumb line will become straight, and metal that is put to the whetstone will become sharp. The noble person who studies widely and examines himself each day will become clear in his knowing and faultless in his conduct.
Heat Makes Solids Fluids and Fluids Gases
The opinion I formed from attentive observation of the facts and phenomena, is as follows. When ice, for example, or any other solid substance, is changing into a fluid by heat, I am of opinion that it receives a much greater quantity of heat than that what is perceptible in it immediately after by the thermometer. A great quantity of heat enters into it, on this occasion, without making it apparently warmer, when tried by that instrument. This heat, however, must be thrown into it, in order ... notesBlack believes there is more heat going into ice that turns to water than is registered on a thermometer.
