Colonies Will be Built in Space

...the goal of planet colonization has been challenged by a radically different notion of the Final Frontier Created by Princeton professor of physics Gerard K.O'Neill, this new concept is based on one of those revolutionary propositions that are so simple they seem self-evident. The surface of a planet, O'Neill asserts, is not a very good place to house a post industrial society. Free space itself, he says, ist he natural ecological habitat for a high energy, high-growth technological specie...

 Origins of the Big Bang Theory and Evidence For It

That the universe is expanding was news to Einstein. But the possibility that the galaxies are moving away from each other had been proposed a few years before Hubble's papers on theoretical grounds arising from Einstein's own equations. In 1922, Russian physicist and mathematician Alexander Friedmann investigated what would happen in a model universe based upon two assumptions that greatly simplified the mathematics: that the universe looks identical in every direction, and that it looks tha...